American history in 1800s Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

American history in 1800s - Essay Example US English was not recognized world, however after the introduction of this dictionary US English literature gained a lot of recognition (Cobble, 2004). There are many events which are associated with the social reform movement of 1800. Congressional reconstruction is one such event in the history of USA. As far as the history of USA is concerned, historians often associated two particular events of the history to the reconstruction era. One part of reconstruction era is concerned with the time period of 1865 to 1877 (Murphy, 2003). This was the period when USA had just dealt with the civil war in the country. The reconstruction era reflects the rebuilding of society and state on modern basis (Harris, 2004). The second part of reconstruction was associated with the transformation of Southern states of USA. President Abraham Lincoln was the major players of setting up state’s government on a new pattern (Chused, 1994). Social reforms of 1800s’ have an important association with the future of USA. Today USA has Afro-American President who has been elected for two consecutive years. This reflects the fact that social reforms of USA history have played a major part for the growth and development of America. Equal rights for every citizen are also product of that time (Dougherty,

Teens Marriage Essay Example for Free

Teens Marriage Essay People under the age of eighteen should not be allowed to get marry, because at the end of the day they’re still teenagers. Even though they are young adults, they still don’t get the meaning of being married and I dont think they would be mature enough to take that responsibility, their mentality is not ready yet to play that role. Many young adults marry so young because of various reasons. Numerous of teenagers get marry because of pregnancy. However, it’s almost never the case of marrying someone because of love, which is the way many marriages should be based on. Sadly it is not. Pregnancy is the most common reason why young adults get married so young. Some guys feel that if they get their girlfriend pregnant, that it’s their job to take care of their responsibility, which should never be the case. If you and your boyfriend/girlfriend are not ready to take the big step by getting married and supporting each other, then you should never feel that it’s what you have to do for the baby. It will only cause more confusion for the kid. A seventy percent of this kids, when their parents get divorced they end up doing something bad, like getting into drugs or alcohol. So its way better if you don’t get married at a young age. Today’s generation of young adults live their lives so differently. In the United States, half of teen marriages dissolve within fifteen years of the marriage. The reason of this is because many young adults jump right into marriages without any experience. For instance, I’m pretty sure that when teenagers under the age of twenty get married their usually just leaving their parents care and aren’t use to taking care of themselves as far as paying bills, groceries, car insurance and other things that come along with being a responsible adult. When you move out and get married things change. If you want to be supported by your spouse then you have to do the same. Never jump right into a marriage if you’re not ready, it’s only going to make the marriage worst and it will end earlier than you had anticipated on. As a conclusion, there is an overwhelming body of evidence to demonstrate that marriages between young partners simply do not last. At 16, you cant drive, vote, serve actively in the Army, drink or buy cigarettes. Clearly, someone who is not of an age to be given full responsibility for their life should not be encouraged to marry and start a family. We need to accept that teens, whilst being normally sexually active, are simply not mature enough to marry. This is why I think that people under the age of eighteen should not be allowed to get marry.

The determination of basic long-term goals and objectives of enterprise

The determination of basic long-term goals and objectives of enterprise INTRODUCTION Alfred Chandler a business strategy theorist in the area of business defines strategy as The determination of the basic, long-term goals and objectives of an enterprise, and the adoption of courses of action and the allocation of resources necessary for these goals (Chandler, 1962:13). By White (2004) in a simple definition says Strategy is regarded as a unifying idea which links purpose and action. In that case strategy combines the communication of human goals and the organisation of human activity to achieve those goals. The concept of strategies business organization provides the means for it to generate income and competitive advantage by the persistent development and bringing new products into the market. For companies to be in competitive advantage it has to focus on meeting and supplying products to meet the rapid changing needs of the customers (White,2004) .This proves the reason companies give the idea of new product introduction (NPI) appropriate consideration. New Product Introduction is a project without a guaranteed success but yet an expensive one. The company has to consider the market in which they are competing, the nature of the competition and how their capabilities will enable their products to be successful (White,2004). New Production Introduction generally entails innovation, that involves the modification of an existing product. Innovation is an essential accepts of all New Product Introduction projects and it involves a lot risk taking. New Product Introduction entails creativity, experimentations and analysis, that require a huge amount of finance (Baker and Hart 2007; Allen and Hamilton 1968). In order ways, to achieve a high successful rate in New Product Introduction, we have to manage innovation properly. The New Product Introduction in companies has to adopt a good strategy for the company to achieve a corporate strategic objective. The help of good corporate strategy facilitates the New Product Introduction strategy for an organized business performance (Baker and Hart 2007). A companys organized business strategy entails high creativity of innovation and technological drive with risk engagement. The relationship between NPI strategies and business performance was identified by Copper (2001) with the three points of business new products performance which are; High-quality new product process Resource commitment New product strategy Cooper (2004) establishes that business performance is directly proportional to the introduction of new product performance which is dependent on the strategy employed. Here are list of New Product Introduction strategies that a company could use: The Differentiated Strategy: Differentiated strategy is the process that involves market aggressiveness, high technological approach, and quality price. This Strategy involves a percentage of 15.6% of manufacturing companies. In this strategy the companies are liable to maximize their competitive advantage in the market. Differentiated strategy is said to have a brilliant success rate (Anderson and Smith 2010). The Low Budget, Conservative Strategy: Companies that adopt this strategy usually favour a low RD budget and undifferentiated products (Anderson and Smith 2009). The Technology-push Strategy: The strategy here is pre-occupied with technological development and they lose focus of their market demands. Here, their success rate is fairly average. This strategy is mostly seen within the dot-com companies mostly in the late 90s (Anderson and Smith 2010). High-budget diverse Strategy: High-budget diverse strategy is considered as a high, and unfocussed RD budget. The strategy is related to the technology-push strategy. The Not-in-the-game Strategy: The Not-in-the-game strategy has a careful, favouring low risk, low technology products. Its goal is attained by low product performance. It is concluded that the differentiated strategy provides the most excellent business performance in the market (Anderson and Smith 2010). COMPANY BACKGROUD The Coca-Cola Company is the worlds largest beverage company refreshing consumers with more than 500 sparkling and still brands. Along with coca-cola, recongized as the worlds most valuable brands, including Diet coke, fanta, sprite, coca-cola zero, vitamins water, Powerade minute maid, simply and Georgia coffee. Globally, we are the number 1 provider of sparking beverages, juice and juice drinks and ready-to-drink teas and coffees. COCA-COLA CHINA Coca-Cola China is one of the most well known international brands in china, with a leading position in the soft drinks market. Since re-entering china in 1979, coca-cola has invested more than US$ 2 billion in the local market. By the end of October 2009, china business unit has established a total of 39 bottling plants. MARKET, COMPETITORS AND CUSTOMERS The beverage market is a very competitive one, due to the low barriers to entry, also the tendency of replication is high and the rate of changing trend because of the switch in customer feedback on a exact product is high. NPI STRATEGY The NPI strategy coca-cola used was the differentiated strategy. The new products are brought into the market by knowing what the customer wants in a specific time and place, which enhances a target market. New products could be accomplished by the process of market trend and recognition of a market place. The success rate of a product is achieved by the market target (Graham et al, 1993). The improvement of the new ultra-light bottle is the peak of its size in the Chinese beverage market and has reduced the carbon footprint by 30%. Thereby helping it be an environmentally friendly in the terms of the global green effect, the bottle is designed in a way that it can be simply be twisted and compressed after consumption, in that process it saves more than 70% of the space needed while the bottle makes it way to recycling(Coca-cola, 2010) Shown in Fig 1 is the sustainable packagin Fig 1: Shown is a sustainable packaging MARKET RESEARCH AND PRODUCT CONCEPTS Trott. P(2005) says that new product strategy is part of a web of strategies. It is linked to, and its objectives are derived from, marketing strategy, technology strategy and the overall strategy. During a general market research, coca-cola discovered a target market, within which the consumers required their beverages in bottles no longer in plastic bottles. At the moment, ultra-thin classic contour glass bottle are in demand in the market. The ultra glass bottle has found a clear product idea. PRODUCT DESIGN The new ultra glass bottles are small but still contain the same content. The bottles are 40% stronger, 20 percent lighter and 10 percent less expensive than the traditional contour bottles. The challenges of the new ultra glass bottle were packaged to step up innovation in soft drinks. Packaging to bring the latest technology. PRODUCT LAUNCH The new ultra glass bottle was launched in 2000. DIAGRAMOF THE PRODUCT RESULTS Trott, P(2005) says a successful brand combines an effective product, distinctive identity and added value as perceived by customers. Coca-cola china undertook a sustainable packaging rest analysis with its bottling partners to inform new packing solution. We have reduced the glass we use in our packaging by approximately 11,000 tons by adopting ultra glass technology through responsible manufacturing and redesign efforts. CONCLUSION Coca-Cola company china was established to gain competitive advantage and boost their business performance. The author carefully analysed the strategy used in coca-cola for the new production introduction was successful and it was market intensive. According to Miles and Snow the business strategy used by coca-cola was the Defenders. Coca-cola did not only invest in RD and the market research respectively, their strategy path was focused. In the sense that the direction or flow of the decision making were in line with the clearly defined product, target market, processes and resources needed. RECOMMENDATION Before developing an NPI strategy, take into consideration the companys capabilities and most importantly the overall corporate strategy of the company. The use of a product innovation character, said by Crawford (1997:65) as a document that gives the conditions under which an organisation will operate, will be of great benefit to company, because it specifies the objective to be achieved.

Relation Between Law And Morality :: essays research papers

Factors Affecting Life In The Fourteenth Century   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  By all accounts, humanity was faring pretty well in the period from the eleventh century to the thirteenth. The population was steadily increasing due to better farming methods that better feed the people in Europe at this time. Significant social and political changes proved to be making life more stable, and there were many advances being made in the intellectual community. This stability, however, was upset by some of the most sever calamities ever to affect modern society.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Things began going downhill during the early thirteen hundreds, when Europe encountered what was latter termed to be a, â€Å"little ice-age.† This very subtle shift in economic patterns was enough to cause rampant malnutrition and even starvation in some heavy hit areas. Things were so bad that historians now believe that the famine may be responsible for a nearly ten percent drop in population in during the first half of that century. Although this is a staggering figure in itself, it is widely believed that it also had a hand in further reducing the population via the most terrible epidemic know to man; the Black Death, or the bubonic plague.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Black Death was the most lethal outbreak in recorded history. While different sources have conflicting figures, it is widely believed that the Plague wiped out up to fifty percent of the entire population. The plague itself was probably brought to Europe from Asia through trade ships or caravans, where it was spread through flees that lived on rats that co-existed in the cities and other urban areas. Lacking present day knowledge about bacteria and biology in general, the seemingly arbitrary spread of the Black Death completely baffled the early European, who attributed it to all sorts of things, such as Jews or the wrath of a vengeful God. The unfathomable amount of death had very negative effects on almost every human institution, such as the religious establishment and normal social behavior. It must have a terrifying era to live in, and is a situation that hasn’t been duplicated in nearly 700.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Probably owing partially to the examples already given, war and general social unrest were another evil that beset an already bewildered people. The most brutal and protracted single example would have to be the Hundred Years War between England and France. It was touched of 1337 when Philip VI, the king of France, forcefully seized the province of Gascony from the English.

Ccot Rome 100-600 C.E. Essay

Between 100 and 600 C.E., Rome underwent significant cultural and political changes. Culturally, the empires religious beliefs had changed, resulting in the predominance of Christianity. Politically, Rome’s economy divided. As for continuities, paterfamilias and women’s right remained the same throughout the time period. Religion was a large part of the roman culture, and made a major change to Christianity. When Rome was still n early empire, Paganism, where there was a belief in multiple gods, was the main religion. Initially the poor were the first to switch to Christianity, which later spread to the higher classes of society. The religion was rejected in 100 C.E., but Constantine legalized it in 313 C.E. The Roman Empire was quickly enveloped by Christianity and took over the other religions. A major political change was the division of the once united Roman Empire into the Byzantium to the East, and Rome remaining in the West. Rome was so massive that under one ruler, it was impossible to make everyone happy, which led to dividing the empire. Because of economic and leadership issues, Germanic tribes tried to take over the land to the east and west. Rome had to split its force to fight them, ultimately adding to the chaos that divided the empire. Women’s right had remained constant throughout the time period. Unlike in China and India women, mainly of the upper class, would have a larger participation in business and work. Woman were able to attend schooling together or similar to men at public schools, and attended religious and social events. Paterfamilias was another continuity in 100 to 600 C.E. Rome. The male father had complete control over his family, and his children’s full lives. This included occupations, spouses, possessions, he could even legally kill them.

Benefits of Chinese Economic Development Essay Example

Benefits of Chinese Economic Development Essay Example Benefits of Chinese Economic Development Essay Benefits of Chinese Economic Development Essay Introduction It was during the eve of 10th November 2001 when China opened its door to Economic reform. The policy was enacted by the worlds most prominent leaders-Deng Xiaoping, because China was allowed to join the World Trade Organization in Doha, during the 4th Ministerial meeting after hard talks that took about 15 years to be accepted. The Chinese official doctrine had been dominant since the occurrence of the strategic change in 1978, and it had become one of the political reform. Revitalizing and loosening the grip of the communist and the foreign policy invited cooperation and interaction with the outside world. The decision to open up and encourage reforms has on many occasions been cited by the Chinese authorities to be the primary force behind its overall growth since 1978. The policy assisted China to be one of the countries that managed to become a world power within a short time. China also had to take a new role in defining its responsibilities as a state that was persuasive both at the international and regional levels. However, the open door and reform policy have brought about problems that are elemental and have the cultural impact, income parity areas as well as influencing China to embrace Capitalism instead of Socialism. Therefore, this article will focus on the benefits of the Chinese development recorded in its economy and the drawbacks as well. Technology Improved technology and infrastructure have been brought about by growth in the Chinese economic. As a result of economic growth, the amount of money spent on; gas, electricity, communication, water supply and various technologies has also gone up. According to Canning and Pedroni (1999), there is a substantial evidence of the GDP influence on the societys stock and infrastructure. The growth is also attributed to have a positive impact on the standard of living of the general population leading to the rise in the economic growth. There have also been improvements in the health of the general population due to improvements in standards of living now that the basic needs such as shelter, clothing, and food are available to the people. Frank (2004), noted that the mortality rate, as well as child malnourishment, was low because of a reduction in poverty levels thus improving life expectancy. Rivera and Currais (1999), on the other hand, have also confirmed the relationship between heal th and economic growth. It only demonstrates a high association between the health status and the increase in income because all these factors point in the same direction. In low-income countries, there is the likeness of getting more mortality healthy rate compared to the developed countries. Since China has a real economic growth, its health status is good, therefore, improved the standards of living. It because of the access to high incomes. Both individuals, as well as governments, can use more money on health in regards to; infrastructure and health facilities, sanitation and nutrition, innovations in technology, medical and research while trying to ensure life is improved. Whenever this happens, a direct impact is felt at the national level leading to development. In case, the existing healthcare system is weak; a lot could as well be called upon to remedy the situation. On the other hand, the state of healthcare is measured by the level of income and tends to increase faster only illustrating how this is likely to impact on the economic growth of a nation. Due to advancement in technology in China, it has become easier for the health sector to conduct research on the most life-threating diseases. Education Among the leading sectors include the education sector. Emphasis focuses much on ensuring quality education mainly due to an improvement in the economic growth in the Chinese economy. The connection that exists between economic education and economic development is thus real. The level of economic growth influences education because when the level of income is high, the number of people seeking education also increases. As a result of the GDP per capita increasing and both the public as well the Chinese government has more to spend on education. Whenever this happens, the number of individuals seeking knowledge increases while, on the other hand, a lot of investment is carried out on education to cater for the rising need thus implying that there is great access to quality education. The focus also shifts from merely setting up facilities rather also focus on ensuring the provision of adequate tutors who are well-renumerated while hoping that this will translate to quality education. Education also plays a better part in empowering people thus may not only need to focus much on employment rather can as well come up with ventures aimed at addressing the need in society. As of now, the Chinese can easily access luxuries and the core needs because they earn enough to cater for such goods. Social structure The policies leading to Chinas economic reforms have brought about an improvement in the structure of the Chinese society, politics, social value system, and rapid advancement of its economy. Our focus will direct attention on, Chinas political development model. The point aims at finding out how it managed to realize much within a short time. Chinas political advancement will thus be studied. The growth in the economy is said to have promoted political development and political change. Chinas economic reform policy has mainly assisted the nation in an opening to the outside world. One is also likely to see how a lot of investment has been carried out in China thus leading to urbanization across China. During the transition period, people had to change the wy they thought to welcome change. Without acknowledging this, not much was likely to come about. A lot of significance was given to the transition period during which this was encouraged. Before the year 1979, the Chinese communit y was much closed. Although there was little knowledge about the socialist countries as well as the former U.S.S.R, the local people in China had no exposure to the outside world, and they knew nothing concerning the western world. Therefore, they did not dedicate themselves to working hard. As a result of reform, people realized the importance of working hard because they saw how this was going to replicate back benefits to their lives thus elevate their living standards. As a result of change, people focused more on economic matters as opposed to politics. The entrepreneurial spirit played a great role while steering growth. The spirit did not exist in the old system of economy. The social structure of China is now more diverse owing to many races from across the globe. Many cross-cultural activities also take place across China leading to mutual understanding among people as opposed to the past when foreigners treated with a lot of suspicions. Before the reform, the country had rigid and unitary social structure founded on the status system relatively fixed with a lot of dynamics like position and power. It was not connected directly to the income or even education as seen in the western societies while measuring social status. In the previous social structure of China, individuals looked for status by pursuing power through promotions to powerful positions, while income was a central determinant of status and development. During the economic reform period, there were changes in resource allocation. Social structure witnessed a transfer of resources. Resources assigned to individuals with lower position and less power according to the new economic system. T here has been a shift in the resource allocation triggering the tight relationship between skills, income, and position to a liberated element in judging the peoples status. Position and power not used in determining the relationship. Individuals can attain the status that is higher by raising their levels of income. Resource transfer The changes in resources transfer have shown the existence of independent economic interests of the objective existence. Before all these reforms, individuals were mainly educated on how to seek for common interests. If a person pursued interests that were individual-centered, he or she was prone to critique because the benefits were considered to be bad. The recent changes, however, encourage people to pursue their economic interests independently. Through investment diversification and resource transfers process. New strata and new social classes have made levels that did not exist in the previous structure such as the difference discern. Individuals are likely to express themselves by speaking what they feel, and this has resulted to the widening of the range of discussion. ;;;;;The reform has minimized the role of the Communist Party in individuals private lives. It shows how Chinese people have become free, knowing that historically they were never free as the are today. Individual freedom influenced by the work unity of danwei. All persons in the past were involved in a work unit that not only determined salaries, housing and promotions but other issues like whether they could travel or they could get married. Each workers dossier was kept in the unit; the file listed political as well as biographical information. In contrast, a significant number of individuals now are no longer engaged in the work-unit scheme, because they are personally involving themselves in businesses, or employed in foreign countries. The Chinese realized that for a person to make a living, he or she must rely on ones self to be free from the danwei. Even those still working in the work units are enjoying freedom in the highest degree. However, most Chinese in the current soci ety opt to concentrate on the future by living within the present system of the Chinese community. The reforms helped raise efficiency as compared to the past but were as a result of an introduction of profit incentives to rural collective enterprises which despite being owned by the local government managed by the principles of the market. Small private businesses, traders, foreign investors and family farms freed most enterprises from the authority interference. As a result of the stake by the state-owned enterprise, the output reduced from 56 percent of the output of the country to 40 percent, while the share common business rose to 50 percent from 42 percent, and the incentive returns of the common ventures and individual firms rose 10 percent from 2 percent. The incentives of profit have shown how they impacted the private capital market in a positive manner, as small producers and factory owners were eager to get more returns while engaging themselves in business. A remarkable productivity performance is an evidence of Chinas economic reform benefit. How did the changes work to boost the modern economy of China? Before the reforms of 1978, nearly out of five, four people in China worked in agriculture; by the year 1994, the number reduced to one person in two people. The reforms made the rights of property be expanded in the countryside and resulted in the formation of rural nonagricultural businesses. Higher prices and collectivization for the products of agricultural-led to more efficient labor use and farms that belonged to the families. The forces together made many people get out of agriculture. The village enterprises drew many people into manufacturing that had a higher value addition, making them abandon traditional farming. The 1978 post reforms gave greater autonomy to enterprise managers. It gave them freedom to set their goals on production, to use competitive prices in the market to sell their product, to make a choice on investme nt, had the authority to give bonuses to excelling workers and also they had the ability to fire the nonperforming employees. The reforms encouraged ownership of own production, and there was a creation of jobs, more consumer commodities developed, foreign trade assisted in earning of the hard currency, the state taxes were paid. It offered the nation a resilient and flexibility that was not there before. By encouraging foreign investment, the economy was only bound to grow. Cumulative investment from the foreign countries increased; these investments helped in factories construction, job creation and it made China link with the international markets. Also, significant transfer of technology was witnessed. Economic freedom boosted exports. The price reform assisted the Chinese to proceed vigilantly, offering an autonomy amount that was fair to agricultural products and consumer goods but much lower to the rest of the sectors. Poverty reduction China has 20 percent of the population in the world. As they continue becoming richer, apparently consumption rate will grow. Many businesses will attempt to vend to the Chinese market, the worlds biggest. The products will be made in the tastes and preference of the Chinese. As a result of economic growth, the country has become an economic leader in the whole world. China is also known as the worlds largest producer of steel and aluminum. The tech companies in China are becoming world-class. Huawei and Miami are two smartphone producers and number one in China. Miami has increased its exports to India and Brazil. Huawei Company is exporting to South America and Peru. Lenovo Company is also another personal computer manufacturer that is a world class. Conclusion In conclusion, the Chinese economic growth has led to many benefits compared to the drawbacks. Although China takes a unique position in the political economy of the world due to its large physical size and huge population, making it an influential globally player, it is still likely to offer great lessons to most of the developing countries. A great lesson learned is that there is a need to provide incentives to small private businesses and rural based enterprises while encouraging growth. By doing so, it is likely to support productivity able to aggravate growth. For nations with a large population who depend on agriculture, the Chinese example may be instrumental, by encouraging rural enterprises growth and not necessary focusing on industrial sectors in the urban areas. China has transferred millions of workers into factories from off farms without causing a crisis in the cities. And finally, the open-door policy in China has spurred direct investment from foreign countries thus leading to job creation and economic development. ;References Canning, D., ;Pedroni, P. (1999).Infrastructure and long-run economic growth.Consulting Assistance on Economic Reform II Discussion Paper, 57. Rivera IV, B., ;Currais, L. (1999). Economic growth and direct health impact or reverse causation?. Applied Economics Letters, 6 (11), 761-764.